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Can France and the United Kingdom Replace the U.S. Nuclear Umbrella?

As doubts grow over U.S. nuclear commitments, Germany’s new chancellor has sparked debate on whether France and the United Kingdom could provide a European nuclear umbrella. But with strategic and doctrinal hurdles ahead, is Europe ready to reshape its nuclear deterrence?

Critical Questions by Astrid Chevreuil and Doreen Horschig — March 4, 2025

France’s Nuclear Offer to Europe

The article explores how the existing doctrine offers clues for implementing the French offer and provides recommendations for future Euro-Atlantic discussions.

Commentary by Astrid Chevreuil — October 23, 2024