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North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Modernization

Today’s global threat landscape is accompanied by the advent of a new missile age, one defined by a surge in the global supply and demand for a broad and diverse spectrum of strike capabilities as well as the means to counter them.

Congressional Testimony by Tom Karako — October 9, 2025

The Enduring Role of Fires on the Modern Battlefield

Artillery has long been known as the “king of battle,” and for good reason. The future of warfare will likely be characterized by an increased demand signal for offensive and defensive fires.

Commentary by Tom Karako and Hannah Freeman — September 16, 2025

Mesh Sensing for Air and Missile Defense

Affordable mass has become the watchword of defense modernization, be it swarms of drones or satellite constellations. What could such an approach mean for air and missile defense? Networks of passive, proliferated sensors could make one meaningful contribution. 

Report by Masao Dahlgren, Patrycja Bazylczyk, and Tom Karako — July 21, 2025

2024 Global Forecast: The China Challenge

In the first installment of the 2024 Global Forecast—A World Dividing—experts examine the myriad challenges facing U.S.-China relations in 2024, from Chinese military activity and economic coercion to competition for tech dominance and geopolitical standing.

Digital Report by Victor Cha, Gregory C. Allen, Scott Kennedy, Seth G. Jones, Kari A. Bingen, Heather Williams, Tom Karako, Bonny Lin, Jude Blanchette, Charles Edel, Christopher B. Johnstone, Nicholas Szechenyi, Lily McElwee, Daniel F. Runde, Craig Cohen, and Alex Kisling — January 25, 2024

Countering Small Uncrewed Aerial Systems

Small drones are a serious threat on the modern battlefield. This report examines the threat, the various kinetic and non-kinetic defenses available to defeat them, and how the U.S. Department of Defense has approached this air defense mission across the joint force.

Report by Shaan Shaikh, Tom Karako, and Michelle McLoughlin — November 14, 2023

Project Atom 2023

How can the United States deter two peer competitors? To assist U.S. policy makers in addressing this question, the Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) invited a group of experts to develop competing strategies for deterring Russia and China through 2035.

Report by Heather Williams, Kelsey Hartigan, Lachlan MacKenzie, Robert Soofer, Tom Karako, Oriana Skylar Mastro, Franklin Miller, Leonor Tomero, and Jon Wolfsthal — September 29, 2023

Patriot to Ukraine: What Does It Mean?

The United States' plans to send Patriot air and missile defenses to Ukraine demonstrates a strong political commitment to defend Ukraine and modestly improves Ukrainian air defense, but incurs costs on U.S. air defense capacity and readiness.

Critical Questions by Mark F. Cancian and Tom Karako — December 16, 2022